Development Class 10 Economics NCERT Solutions, PYQs & Notes

Ans: (iv) All the above. (Its per capita income, its average literacy level, and health status of its people).

Ans: Average Income = Total Income / Number of families
5000 = (4000 + 7000 + 3000 + 4th Family) / 4
20,000 = 14,000 + 4th Family
4th Family Income = 20,000 - 14,000 = Rs 6,000.

Ans: The World Bank uses Per Capita Income (Average Income) as the sole criterion to classify countries as rich, middle-income, or low-income countries.
Limitations: It only tells us about the economic aspect. It ignores vital human development indicators like health, life expectancy, education, and equality. It also hides disparities in income distribution within the country.

Ans: Present sources of energy in India include coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity (thermal and hydro), firewood, and cow dung cakes. Fifty years from now, fossil fuels like coal and petroleum might get exhausted. The other possibilities (and necessities) will be renewable sources like Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy, Geothermal energy, and advanced Nuclear energy.

Ans: People seek things that are most important to them to fulfill their desires. For example, a landless rural laborer’s goal is more days of work and better wages. In contrast, a prosperous farmer from Punjab wants high support prices for his crops and cheap labor. Their goals are completely different.

Ans: What may be development for one may not be development for the other; it may even be destructive. For example, industrialists may want more dams to get more electricity. However, this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people (like tribals) who are displaced from their homes.

Ans: Besides seeking more income, people seek non-material things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect from others. They resent discrimination. A safe and secure environment is essential for people, especially women, to work outside or run a business.

Ans: National Development refers to the ability of a country to improve the social welfare of the people. It includes providing public facilities like education, healthcare, infrastructure, and an unpolluted environment, ensuring equitable growth for all citizens, not just a few.

Ans: Per Capita Income, also known as Average Income, is the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by its total population.

Ans: Literacy Rate measures the proportion of the literate population in the 7-and-above age group. A person aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language is considered literate.

Ans: Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group in that area.

Ans: Public facilities are essential services provided by the government to the public, such as schools, hospitals, public transport, electricity, and clean drinking water. They are important because many essential goods and services cannot be purchased individually by citizens even if they have money.

Ans: BMI is a measure used by nutritionists to determine whether an adult is undernourished or overweight. It is calculated by dividing a person's weight (in kg) by the square of their height (in meters). If BMI is less than 18.5, the person is undernourished; if it's over 25, the person is overweight.

Ans: Crude oil (petroleum) is an exhaustible natural resource. The problem is that we are extracting it at a faster rate than nature can replenish it. According to estimates, the known reserves of crude oil will last only for another 50 years if we continue extracting it at the present rate.

Ans: Groundwater is a renewable resource, but it is being depleted because we are extracting more water than is being recharged by rain. It is a severe crisis in agriculturally prosperous regions like Punjab and Western UP, where excessive use of tubewells for irrigation is dangerously lowering the water table.

Ans: The Human Development Report is an annual report published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It ranks countries based on the Human Development Index (HDI), which evaluates countries using educational levels, health status, and per capita income.

Ans: Income is not a complete indicator of the quality of life. A country may have a high per capita income but terrible health outcomes, high infant mortality, and poor literacy. Therefore, comparing health and education metrics gives a true picture of human welfare and real development.

Ans: PDS plays a crucial role in improving the health and nutritional status of the people. States with an effectively functioning PDS ensure that the poorer sections get food grains at subsidized rates, which directly improves their BMI and overall health, aiding in human development.

Ans: Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries. For example, greenhouse gas emissions from one country cause global warming that affects the entire planet, leading to rising sea levels and climate change everywhere. Therefore, it requires global cooperation.